Document

HTTP/1

.1 200 OK date: Fri, 03 Jul 2026 16:05:07 GMT server: mw-web.codfw.main-54f6d45877-4wv4q x-content-type-options: nosniff content-language: en accept-ch: reporting-endpoints: csp-report-to-endpoint='/w/api.php?action=cspreport&format=json'; content-security-policy: script-src 'unsafe-eval' blob: 'self' meta.wikimedia.org *.wikimedia.org *.wikipedia.org *.wikinews.org *.wiktionary.org *.wikibooks.org *.wikiversity.org *.wikisource.org wikisource.org *.wikiquote.org *.wikidata.org *.wikifunctions.org *.wikivoyage.org *.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org wikimedia.org *.wmflabs.org *.wmcloud.org *.toolforge.org wss://*.toolforge.org *.jsdelivr.net unpkg.com cdnjs.cloudflare.com raw.githubusercontent.com *.github.com code.jquery.com cdn.mathjax.org use.typekit.net fonts.cdnfonts.com use.fontawesome.com i.ytimg.com rsms.me doi.org localhost https://localhost:* http://localhost:* wss://localhost:* ws://localhost:* *.google.com *.gstatic.com *.googleapis.com *.translate.yandex.net yastatic.net ya.ru radically.github.io cdn.sammdot.ca cdn.fontshare.com viaf.org publicai-proxy.alaexis.workers.dev iiif.archive.org api.flickr.com live.staticflickr.com api.anthropic.com api.openai.com api.publicai.co catalogo.pusc.it parsifal.urbe.it opac.sbn.it overpass-api.de api.openrouteservice.org archive.org *.openstreetmap.org *.waymarkedtrails.org *.thunderforest.com registry.ipe.wiki analytics.ipe.wiki qlever.dev app.goacoustic.com wikipedia-archive.ourworldindata.org api.inaturalist.org inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com validator.w3.org db.onlinewebfonts.com fontlibrary.org 'unsafe-inline' auth.wikimedia.org; default-src 'self' data: blob: upload.wikimedia.org https://commons.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia.org *.wikimedia.org *.wikipedia.org *.wikinews.org *.wiktionary.org *.wikibooks.org *.wikiversity.org *.wikisource.org wikisource.org *.wikiquote.org *.wikidata.org *.wikifunctions.org *.wikivoyage.org *.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org wikimedia.org *.wmflabs.org *.wmcloud.org *.toolforge.org wss://*.toolforge.org *.jsdelivr.net unpkg.com cdnjs.cloudflare.com raw.githubusercontent.com *.github.com code.jquery.com cdn.mathjax.org use.typekit.net fonts.cdnfonts.com use.fontawesome.com i.ytimg.com rsms.me doi.org localhost https://localhost:* http://localhost:* wss://localhost:* ws://localhost:* *.google.com *.gstatic.com *.googleapis.com *.translate.yandex.net yastatic.net ya.ru radically.github.io cdn.sammdot.ca cdn.fontshare.com viaf.org publicai-proxy.alaexis.workers.dev iiif.archive.org api.flickr.com live.staticflickr.com api.anthropic.com api.openai.com api.publicai.co catalogo.pusc.it parsifal.urbe.it opac.sbn.it overpass-api.de api.openrouteservice.org archive.org *.openstreetmap.org *.waymarkedtrails.org *.thunderforest.com registry.ipe.wiki analytics.ipe.wiki qlever.dev app.goacoustic.com wikipedia-archive.ourworldindata.org api.inaturalist.org inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com validator.w3.org db.onlinewebfonts.com fontlibrary.org en.wikibooks.org en.wikinews.org en.wikiquote.org en.wikisource.org en.wikiversity.org en.wikivoyage.org en.wiktionary.org www.mediawiki.org commons.wikimedia.org foundation.wikimedia.org incubator.wikimedia.org species.wikimedia.org wikimania.wikimedia.org www.wikidata.org www.wikifunctions.org auth.wikimedia.org; style-src 'self' data: blob: upload.wikimedia.org https://commons.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia.org *.wikimedia.org *.wikipedia.org *.wikinews.org *.wiktionary.org *.wikibooks.org *.wikiversity.org *.wikisource.org wikisource.org *.wikiquote.org *.wikidata.org *.wikifunctions.org *.wikivoyage.org *.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org wikimedia.org *.wmflabs.org *.wmcloud.org *.toolforge.org wss://*.toolforge.org *.jsdelivr.net unpkg.com cdnjs.cloudflare.com raw.githubusercontent.com *.github.com code.jquery.com cdn.mathjax.org use.typekit.net fonts.cdnfonts.com use.fontawesome.com i.ytimg.com rsms.me doi.org localhost https://localhost:* http://localhost:* wss://localhost:* ws://localhost:* *.google.com *.gstatic.com *.googleapis.com *.translate.yandex.net yastatic.net ya.ru radically.github.io cdn.sammdot.ca cdn.fontshare.com viaf.org publicai-proxy.alaexis.workers.dev iiif.archive.org api.flickr.com live.staticflickr.com api.anthropic.com api.openai.com api.publicai.co catalogo.pusc.it parsifal.urbe.it opac.sbn.it overpass-api.de api.openrouteservice.org archive.org *.openstreetmap.org *.waymarkedtrails.org *.thunderforest.com registry.ipe.wiki analytics.ipe.wiki qlever.dev app.goacoustic.com wikipedia-archive.ourworldindata.org api.inaturalist.org inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com validator.w3.org db.onlinewebfonts.com fontlibrary.org 'unsafe-inline'; object-src 'none'; report-uri /w/api.php?action=cspreport&format=json; report-to csp-report-to-endpoint last-modified: Fri, 19 Jun 2026 16:05:07 GMT content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 age: 0 accept-ranges: bytes x-cache: cp2047 miss, cp2047 miss x-cache-status: miss server-timing: cache;desc="miss", host;desc="cp2047" strict-transport-security: max-age=106384710; includeSubDomains; preload report-to: { "group": "wm_nel", "max_age": 604800, "endpoints": [{ "url": "https://intake-logging.wikimedia.org/v1/events?stream=w3c.reportingapi.network_error&schema_uri=/w3c/reportingapi/network_error/1.0.0" }] } nel: { "report_to": "wm_nel", "max_age": 604800, "failure_fraction": 0.05, "success_fraction": 0.0} set-cookie: WMF-Last-Access=03-Jul-2026;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Tue, 04 Aug 2026 12:00:00 GMT set-cookie: WMF-Last-Access-Global=03-Jul-2026;Path=/;Domain=.wikipedia.org;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Tue, 04 Aug 2026 12:00:00 GMT set-cookie: WMF-DP=975;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT x-client-ip: 75.28.18.94 cache-control: private, s-maxage=0, max-age=0, must-revalidate, no-transform vary: Accept-Encoding,X-Subdomain,Cookie,Authorization,User-Agent set-cookie: GeoIP=US:TX:McKinney:33.20:-96.62:v4; Path=/; secure; Domain=.wikipedia.org set-cookie: NetworkProbeLimit=0.001;Path=/;Secure;SameSite=None;Max-Age=3600 set-cookie: WMF-Uniq=r8Jt8Py2msNF4ixpc-pGFAOSAAAAAFvdDU92mXQgIm3oSs3QaZW1M_s-IN5y6aq4;Domain=.wikipedia.org;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;SameSite=None;Expires=Sat, 03 Jul 2027 00:00:00 GMT transfer-encoding: chunked x-request-id: 088d3844-c369-41db-a8ee-210373ab88df x-analytics: 8000 Peak signal-to-noise ratio - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Definition Toggle Definition subsection 1.1 Application in color images 2 Quality estimation with PSNR 3 Performance comparison 4 Variants 5 See also 6 References Toggle the table of contents Peak signal-to-noise ratio 17 languages Català Čeština Español Français עברית Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Metric used to measure signal quality For broader coverage of this topic, see Signal-to-noise ratio . Peak signal-to-noise ratio ( PSNR ) is an engineering term for the ratio between the maximum possible power of a signal and the power of corrupting noise that affects the fidelity of its representation. Because many signals have a very wide dynamic range , PSNR is usually expressed as a logarithmic quantity using the decibel scale. PSNR is commonly used to quantify reconstruction quality for images and video subject to lossy compression . In this context it is used as a full reference metric , comparing a noisy approximation against the known noise-free source image. Definition [ edit ] PSNR is most easily defined via the mean squared error ( MSE ). Given a noise-free m × n monochrome image I and its noisy approximation K , MSE is defined as M S E = 1 m n ∑ i = 0 m − 1 ∑ j = 0 n − 1 [ I ( i , j ) − K ( i , j ) ] 2 . {\displaystyle {\mathit {MSE}}={\frac {1}{m\,n}}\sum _{i=0}^{m-1}\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}[I(i,j)-K(i,j)]^{2}.} The PSNR (in dB ) is defined as P S N R = 10 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ ( M A X I 2 M S E ) = 20 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ ( M A X I M S E ) = 20 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ ( M A X I ) − 10 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ ( M S E ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\mathit {PSNR}}&=10\cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {{\mathit {MAX}}_{I}^{2}}{\mathit {MSE}}}\right)\\&=20\cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {{\mathit {MAX}}_{I}}{\sqrt {\mathit {MSE}}}}\right)\\&=20\cdot \log _{10}({\mathit {MAX}}_{I})-10\cdot \log _{10}({\mathit {MSE}}).\end{aligned}}} Here, MAX I is the maximum possible pixel value of the image. When the pixels are represented using 8 bits per sample, this is 255. More generally, when samples are represented using linear PCM with B bits per sample, MAX I is 2 B − 1. Application in color images [ edit ] For RGB color images , with three values per pixel, the definition of PSNR is the same except that the MSE is the sum over all squared value differences (now for each color, i.e. three times as many differences as in a monochrome image) divided by image size and by three. Alternately, for color images the image is converted to a different color space and PSNR is reported against each channel of that color space, e.g., YCbCr or CIELAB . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Quality estimation with PSNR [ edit ] PSNR is most commonly used to measure the quality of reconstruction of lossy compression codecs (e.g., for image compression ). The signal in this case is the original data, and the noise is the error introduced by compression. When comparing compression codecs, PSNR is an approximation to human perception of reconstruction quality. Typical values for the PSNR in lossy image and video compression are between 30 and 50 dB, provided the bit depth is 8 bits , where higher is better. The processing quality of 12-bit images is considered high when the PSNR value is 60 dB or higher. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] For 16-bit data typical values for the PSNR are between 60 and 80 dB. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Acceptable values for wireless transmission quality loss are considered to be about 20 dB to 25 dB. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The maximum PSNR for 8 bit is 48.131, for 10 bit is 60.198, for 12 bit is 72.245. In the absence of noise, the two images I and K are identical, and thus the MSE is zero. In this case the PSNR is infinite (or undefined, see Division by zero ). [ 9 ] Original uncompressed image Q=90, PSNR 45.53dB Q=30, PSNR 36.81dB Q=10, PSNR 31.45dB Example luma PSNR values for a cjpeg compressed image at various quality levels. Performance comparison [ edit ] Although a higher PSNR generally correlates with a higher quality reconstruction, in many cases it may not. One has to be extremely careful with the range of validity of this metric; it is only conclusively valid when it is used to compare results from the same codec (or codec type) and same content. [ 10 ] Generally, when it comes to estimating the quality of images and videos as perceived by humans, PSNR has been shown to perform very poorly compared to other quality metrics. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Variants [ edit ] PSNR-HVS [ 12 ] is an extension of PSNR that incorporates properties of the human visual system such as contrast perception . PSNR-HVS-M improves on PSNR-HVS by additionally taking into account visual masking . [ 13 ] In a 2007 study, it delivered better approximations of human visual quality judgements than PSNR and SSIM by large margin. It was also shown to have a distinct advantage over DCTune and PSNR-HVS. [ 14 ] ITU-T J.340 is intended for videos. It compensates for "for constant spatial shifts, constant temporal shift, and constant luminance gain and offset". [ 15 ] The US NTIA has also published a variant for varying frame delays. [ 16 ] See also [ edit ] Czekanowski distance Data compression ratio Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality (PEVQ) Structural similarity index measure (SSIM) Subjective video quality Video Multimethod Assessment Fusion Video quality References [ edit ] ↑ Oriani, Emanuele. "qpsnr: A quick PSNR/SSIM analyzer for Linux" . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . ↑ "pnmpsnr User Manual" . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . ↑ Faragallah, Osama S.; El-Hoseny, Heba; El-Shafai, Walid; El-Rahman, Wael Abd; El-Sayed, Hala S.; El-Rabaie, El-Sayed M.; El-Samie, Fathi E. Abd; Geweid, Gamal G. N. (2021). "A Comprehensive Survey Analysis for Present Solutions of Medical Image Fusion and Future Directions" . IEEE Access . 9 : 11358– 11371. Bibcode : 2021IEEEA...911358F . doi : 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048315 . ISSN 2169-3536 . This paper presents a survey study of medical imaging modalities and their characteristics. In addition, different medical image fusion approaches and their appropriate quality metrics are presented. ↑ Chervyakov, Nikolay; Lyakhov, Pavel; Nagornov, Nikolay (2020-02-11). "Analysis of the Quantization Noise in Discrete Wavelet Transform Filters for 3D Medical Imaging" . Applied Sciences . 10 (4): 1223. doi : 10.3390/app10041223 . ISSN 2076-3417 . The image processing quality is considered high if PSNR value is greater than 60 dB for images with 12 bits per color. ↑ Welstead, Stephen T. (1999). Fractal and wavelet image compression techniques . SPIE Publication. pp. 155– 156. ISBN 978-0-8194-3503-3 . ↑ Raouf Hamzaoui, Dietmar Saupe (May 2006). Barni, Mauro (ed.). Fractal Image Compression . Vol. 968. CRC Press. pp. 168– 169. ISBN 9780849335563 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . {{ cite book }} : | journal= ignored ( help ) ↑ Thomos, N., Boulgouris, N. V., & Strintzis, M. G. (2006, January). Optimized Transmission of JPEG2000 Streams Over Wireless Channels. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 15 (1). ↑ Xiangjun, L., & Jianfei, C. Robust transmission of JPEG2000 encoded images over packet loss channels. ICME 2007 (pp. 947-950). School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University . ↑ Salomon, David (2007). Data Compression: The Complete Reference (4 ed.). Springer. p. 281. ISBN 978-1846286025 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . 1 2 Huynh-Thu, Q.; Ghanbari, M. (2008). "Scope of validity of PSNR in image/video quality assessment". Electronics Letters . 44 (13): 800. Bibcode : 2008ElL....44..800H . doi : 10.1049/el:20080522 . ↑ Huynh-Thu, Quan; Ghanbari, Mohammed (2012-01-01). "The accuracy of PSNR in predicting video quality for different video scenes and frame rates". Telecommunication Systems . 49 (1): 35– 48. doi : 10.1007/s11235-010-9351-x . ISSN 1018-4864 . S2CID 43713764 . ↑ Egiazarian, Karen, Jaakko Astola, Nikolay Ponomarenko, Vladimir Lukin, Federica Battisti, and Marco Carli (2006). "New full-reference quality metrics based on HVS." In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Video Processing and Quality Metrics, vol. 4. ↑ Ponomarenko, N.; Ieremeiev, O.; Lukin, V.; Egiazarian, K.; Carli, M. (February 2011). "Modified image visual quality metrics for contrast change and mean shift accounting" . 2011 11th International Conference the Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics (CADSM) : 305– 311. ↑ Nikolay Ponomarenko; Flavia Silvestri; Karen Egiazarian; Marco Carli; Jaakko Astola; Vladimir Lukin, "On between-coefficient contrast masking of DCT basis functions" (PDF) , CD-ROM Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Video Processing and Quality Metrics for Consumer Electronics VPQM-07, 25.–26. Januar 2007 (in German), Scottsdale AZ ↑ "J.340 : Reference algorithm for computing peak signal to noise ratio of a processed video sequence with compensation for constant spatial shifts, constant temporal shift, and constant luminance gain and offset" . www.itu.int . ↑ Wolf, Stephen (1 October 2009). "A Full Reference (FR) Method Using Causality Processing for Estimating Variable Video Delays" . Institute for Telecommunication Sciences. v t e Noise (physics and telecommunications) General Acoustic quieting Distortion Noise cancellation Noise control Noise measurement Noise power Noise reduction Noise temperature Phase distortion Noise in... Audio Buildings Electronics Environment Government regulation Human health Images Radio Rooms Ships Sound masking Transportation Video Class of noise Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) Atmospheric noise Background noise Brownian noise Burst noise Cosmic noise Flicker noise Gaussian noise Grey noise Infrasound Jitter Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise) Pink noise Quantization noise Shot noise White noise Coherent noise Value noise Gradient noise Worley noise Engineering terms Channel noise level Circuit noise level Effective input noise temperature Equivalent noise resistance Equivalent pulse code modulation noise Impulse noise (audio) Noise figure Noise floor Noise shaping Noise spectral density Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) Phase noise Pseudorandom noise Statistical noise Ratios Carrier-to-noise ratio ( C / N ) Carrier-to-receiver noise density ( C / kT ) dBrnC E b /N 0 (energy per bit to noise density) E s /N 0 (energy per symbol to noise density) Modulation error ratio ( MER ) Signal, noise and distortion ( SINAD ) Signal-to-interference ratio ( S / I ) Signal-to-noise ratio ( S / N , SNR ) Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging) Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio ( SINR ) Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio ( SQNR ) Contrast-to-noise ratio ( CNR ) Related topics List of noise topics Acoustics Colors of noise Interference (communication) Noise generator Spectrum analyzer Thermal radiation Denoise methods General Low-pass filter Median filter Total variation denoising Wavelet denoising 2D (Image) Gaussian blur Anisotropic diffusion Bilateral filter Non-local means Block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D) Shrinkage Fields Denoising autoencoder (DAE) Deep Image Prior v t e Machine learning evaluation metrics Regression MSE MAE sMAPE MAPE MASE MSPE RMS RMSE/RMSD R 2 MDA MAD Classification F-score P4 Accuracy Precision Recall Kappa MCC AUC ROC Sensitivity and specificity Logarithmic loss Clustering Silhouette Calinski–Harabasz index Davies–Bouldin index Dunn index Hopkins statistic Jaccard index Rand index Similarity measure SMC DBCV index Ranking MRR NDCG AP Computer vision PSNR SSIM IoU NLP Perplexity BLEU MAUVE Deep learning Inception score FID Recommender system Coverage Intra-list similarity Similarity Cosine similarity Euclidean distance Pearson correlation coefficient Confusion matrix Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio&oldid=1354240207 " Categories : Image compression Noise (graphics) Film and video technology Digital television Engineering ratios Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata CS1 errors: periodical ignored CS1 German-language sources (de) This page was last edited on 15 May 2026, at 04:36  (UTC) . Page was rendered with Parsoid . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view Search Search Toggle the table of contents Peak signal-to-noise ratio 17 languages Add topic 0