in menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Printed circuit board 2 Field-programmable gate array 3 Integrated circuits 4 History 5 References Toggle the table of contents Place and route 4 languages Français 한국어 Українська 中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Stage of electronic circuit design Place and route (also called PnR or P&R) is a stage in the design of printed circuit boards , integrated circuits , and field-programmable gate arrays . As implied by the name, it is composed of two steps, placement and routing . The first step, placement, involves deciding where to place all electronic components , circuitry , and logic elements in a generally limited amount of space. This is followed by routing, which decides the exact design of all the wires needed to connect the placed components. This step must implement all the desired connections while following the rules and limitations of the manufacturing process. Place and route is used in several contexts: Printed circuit boards , during which components are graphically placed on the board and the wires drawn between them Integrated circuits , during which a layout of a larger block of the circuit or the whole circuit is created from layouts of smaller sub-blocks FPGAs , during which logic elements are placed and interconnected on the grid of the FPGA These processes are similar at a high level, but the actual details are very different. With the large sizes of modern designs, this operation is usually performed by electronic design automation (EDA) tools. In all these contexts, the final result when placing and routing is finished is the "layout", a geometric description of the location and rotation of each part, and the exact path of each wire connecting them. Occasionally some people call the entire place-and-route process "layout". Printed circuit board [ edit ] The design of a printed circuit board comes after the creation of a schematic and generation of a netlist . The generated netlist is then read into a layout tool and associated with the footprints of the devices from a library. Placing and routing the devices can now start. [ 1 ] Placing and routing is generally done in two steps. Placing the components comes first, then routing the connections between the components. The placement of components is not absolute during the routing phase, as it may still be changed by moving and rotating, especially with designs using more complex components such as FPGAs or microprocessors. Their large number of signals , and their signal integrity needs may require optimization of the placement. [ 2 ] The resulting design is then output in RS-274X Gerber format to load in the computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system of the manufacturer. In contrast to an IC layout, where the entire finished layout is stored in one graphics file, different files and formats are needed for PCB manufacture. The fabrication data consists of a set of Gerber files, a drill file, and a pick-and-place file containing the location and alignment of the devices generated for automated placement of the devices in the assembly process. [ 1 ] Field-programmable gate array [ edit ] The process of placing and routing for an FPGA is generally not performed by a person, but uses a tool provided by the FPGA Vendor or another software manufacturer. The need for software tools is because of the complexity of the circuitry within the FPGA and the function the designer wishes to perform. FPGA designs are described using logic diagrams containing digital logic and hardware description languages such as VHDL and Verilog . These will then be put through an automated place-and-route procedure to generate a pinout, which will be used to interface with the parts outside of the FPGA. [ 2 ] Integrated circuits [ edit ] The IC place-and-route stage typically starts with one or more schematics, HDL files, or pre-routed IP cores , or some combination of all three. It produces an IC layout that is automatically converted to a mask work in the standard GDS II or the OASIS format. [ 3 ] History [ edit ] The final layout of early ICs and PCBs was stored as a tape-out of Rubylith on transparent film . Gradually, electronic design automation automated more and more of the place-and-route work. At first, it merely sped up the process of making many small edits without spending a lot of time peeling up and sticking down the tape. Later design rule checking sped up the process of checking for the most common sorts of errors. Later auto routers speed up the process of routing. Some people hope that further improvements in autoplacers and autorouters will eventually produce good layouts without any human manual intervention. Further automation leads to the idea of a silicon compiler . References [ edit ] ^ a b J. Lienig, J. Scheible (2020). "Chap. 1.3.3: Physical Design of Printed Circuit Boards". Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits . Springer. p. 26-27. doi : 10.1007/978-3-030-39284-0 . ISBN   978-3-030-39284-0 . S2CID   215840278 . ^ a b "FPGA/PCB Co-Design Increases Fabrication Yields" . Printed Circuit Design and Fabrication . Retrieved 2008-07-24 . ^ A. Kahng, J. Lienig, I. Markov, J. Hu: "VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure", Springer (2022), doi : 10.1007/978-3-030-96415-3 , ISBN   978-3-030-96414-6 , pp. 5-10. v t e Digital electronics Components Transistor Resistor Inductor Capacitor Printed electronics Printed circuit board Electronic circuit Flip-flop Memory cell Combinational logic Sequential logic Logic gate Boolean circuit Integrated circuit (IC) Hybrid integrated circuit (HIC) Mixed-signal integrated circuit Three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) Macrocell array Programmable logic array (PLA) Programmable logic device (PLD) Programmable Array Logic (PAL) Generic Array Logic (GAL) Complex programmable logic device (CPLD) Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) Field-programmable object array (FPOA) Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) Theory Digital signal Boolean algebra Logic synthesis Logic in computer science Computer architecture Digital signal Digital signal processing Circuit minimization Switching circuit theory Gate equivalent Design Logic synthesis Place and route Placement Routing Transaction-level modeling Register-transfer level Hardware description language High-level synthesis Formal equivalence checking Synchronous logic Asynchronous logic Finite-state machine Hierarchical state machine Applications Computer hardware Hardware acceleration Digital audio radio Digital photography Digital telephone Digital video cinematography television Electronic literature Design issues Metastability Runt pulse Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_and_route&oldid=1209983894 " Category : Electronic design automation Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use American English from April 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English This page was last edited on 24 February 2024, at 12:40  (UTC) . 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