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object-src 'none'; report-uri /w/api.php?action=cspreport&format=json; report-to csp-report-to-endpoint last-modified: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 20:20:18 GMT content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 age: 17764 accept-ranges: bytes x-cache: cp2047 hit, cp2047 hit/1 x-cache-status: hit-front server-timing: cache;desc="hit-front", host;desc="cp2047" strict-transport-security: max-age=106384710; includeSubDomains; preload report-to: { "group": "wm_nel", "max_age": 604800, "endpoints": [{ "url": "https://intake-logging.wikimedia.org/v1/events?stream=w3c.reportingapi.network_error&schema_uri=/w3c/reportingapi/network_error/1.0.0" }] } nel: { "report_to": "wm_nel", "max_age": 604800, "failure_fraction": 0.05, "success_fraction": 0.0} set-cookie: WMF-Last-Access=03-Jul-2026;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Tue, 04 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT set-cookie: WMF-Last-Access-Global=03-Jul-2026;Path=/;Domain=.wikipedia.org;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Tue, 04 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT set-cookie: WMF-DP=031;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT x-client-ip: 75.28.18.94 cache-control: private, s-maxage=0, max-age=0, must-revalidate, no-transform vary: Accept-Encoding,X-Subdomain,Cookie,Authorization,User-Agent set-cookie: GeoIP=US:TX:McKinney:33.20:-96.62:v4; Path=/; secure; Domain=.wikipedia.org set-cookie: NetworkProbeLimit=0.001;Path=/;Secure;SameSite=None;Max-Age=3600 set-cookie: WMF-Uniq=GFnlBpdsVEGoec_X9I-ksAOSAAAAAFvd5TpEzC8UxmGAcSdf2AdrIVpiXh1ASVR9;Domain=.wikipedia.org;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;SameSite=None;Expires=Sat, 03 Jul 2027 00:00:00 GMT content-length: 146173 x-request-id: 9c379b3c-5118-463c-8501-131adad2dc61 x-analytics: STL (file format) - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 History 2 Format Toggle Format subsection 2.1 ASCII 2.2 Binary 2.3 Facet normal 3 Characteristics 4 3D printing 5 Other fields 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Toggle the table of contents STL (file format) 17 languages العربية Català Čeština Deutsch Español Eesti فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 한국어 Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia File format for 3D printing and scanning STL A CAD representation of a torus (shown as two concentric red circles) and an STL approximation of the same shape (composed of triangular planes) Filename extension .stl Internet media type model/stl [ 1 ] [ 2 ] model/x.stl-ascii model/x.stl-binary Developed by 3D Systems Initial release 1987 Type of format Stereolithography STL is a file format native to the stereolithography CAD software created by 3D Systems . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Chuck Hull , the inventor of stereolithography and 3D Systems’ founder, reports that the file extension is an abbreviation for stereolithography , [ 6 ] although it is also referred to as standard triangle language or standard tessellation language . [ 2 ] An STL file describes a raw, unstructured triangulated surface by the unit normal and vertices (ordered by the right-hand rule [ 2 ] ) of the triangles using a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system . [ 7 ] In the original specification, all STL coordinates were required to be positive numbers, but this restriction is no longer enforced and negative coordinates are commonly encountered in STL files today. STL files contain no scale information, and the units are arbitrary. [ 8 ] STL files describe only the surface geometry of a three-dimensional object without any representation of color, texture or other common CAD model attributes. The STL format specifies both ASCII and binary representations. Binary files are more common, since they are more compact. [ 9 ] [ dubious  – discuss ] STL is widely used for rapid prototyping , 3D printing and computer-aided manufacturing , [ 10 ] and supported by many other software packages. [ citation needed ] History [ edit ] STL was invented by the Albert Consulting Group for 3D Systems in 1987. [ 11 ] The format was developed for 3D Systems' first commercial 3D printers. Since its initial release, the format remained relatively unchanged for 22 years. [ 12 ] In 2009, an update to the format dubbed STL 2.0 was proposed, which evolved into the additive manufacturing file format . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Format [ edit ] ASCII [ edit ] An ASCII STL file begins with the line: solid name where name is an optional string (though if name is omitted there must still be a space after solid, for compatibility with some software). The remainder of the line is ignored and is sometimes used to store metadata (e.g., filename, author, modification date, etc). [ 14 ] The file continues with any number of triangles, each represented as follows: [ 15 ] facet normal n i n j n k outer loop vertex v1 x v1 y v1 z vertex v2 x v2 y v2 z vertex v3 x v3 y v3 z endloop endfacet where each n or v is a floating-point number in sign - mantissa - e - sign - exponent format, e.g., 2.648000e-002 . The file concludes with: endsolid name An example ASCII STL of a sphericon The structure of the format suggests that other possibilities exist (e.g., facets with more than one loop , or loops with more than three vertices), although the file format description refers only to triangle tessellations . [ 2 ] Whitespace (spaces, tabs, newlines) may be used anywhere in the file except within numbers or words. The spaces between facet and normal and between outer and loop are required. [ 9 ] Binary [ edit ] Because ASCII STL files can be large, a binary version of STL exists. A binary STL file has an 80-character header that is generally ignored, but should never begin with the ASCII representation of the string solid , as that may lead some software to confuse it with an ASCII STL file. Following the header is a 4-byte little-endian unsigned integer indicating the number of triangular facets in the file. Following that is data describing each triangle in turn. The file simply ends after the last triangle. Each triangle is described by 12 32-bit floating-point numbers: 3 for the normal and then 3 for the X/Y/Z coordinate of each vertex – just as with the ASCII version of STL. After these follows a 2-byte ("short") unsigned integer that is the "attribute byte count" – in the standard format, this should be zero because most software does not understand anything else. [ 9 ] Floating-point numbers are represented as IEEE floating-point numbers and are assumed to be little-endian , although this is not stated in documentation. UINT8[80] – Header - 80 bytes UINT32 – Number of triangles - 04 bytes foreach triangle - 50 bytes REAL32[3] – Normal vector - 12 bytes REAL32[3] – Vertex 1 - 12 bytes REAL32[3] – Vertex 2 - 12 bytes REAL32[3] – Vertex 3 - 12 bytes UINT16 – Attribute byte count - 02 bytes end There are at least two non-standard variations on the binary STL format for adding color information: The VisCAM and SolidView software packages use the two "attribute byte count" bytes at the end of every triangle to store a 15-bit RGB color: bits 0–4 are the intensity level for blue (0–31), bits 5–9 are the intensity level for green (0–31), bits 10–14 are the intensity level for red (0–31), bit 15 is 1 if the color is valid, or 0 if the color is not valid (as with normal STL files). The Materialise Magics software uses the 80-byte header at the top of the file to represent the overall color of the entire part. If color is used, then somewhere in the header should be the ASCII string COLOR= followed by four bytes representing red, green, blue and alpha channel (transparency) in the range 0–255. This is the color of the entire object, unless overridden at each facet. Magics also recognizes a material description; a more detailed surface characteristic. Just after COLOR= RGBA specification should be another ASCII string ,MATERIAL= followed by three colors (3×4 bytes): first is a color of diffuse reflection , second is a color of specular highlight , and third is an ambient light . Material settings are preferred over color. The per-facet color is represented in the two "attribute byte count" bytes as follows: bits 0–4 are the intensity level for red (0–31), bits 5–9 are the intensity level for green (0–31), bits 10–14 are the intensity level for blue (0–31), bit 15 is 0 if this facet has its own unique color, or 1 if the per-object color is to be used. The red/green/blue ordering within those two bytes is reversed in these two approaches – so while these formats could easily have been compatible, the reversal of the order of the colors means that they are not – and worse still, a generic STL file reader cannot automatically distinguish between them. There is also no way to have facets be selectively transparent because there is no per-facet alpha value – although in the context of current rapid prototyping machinery, this is not important. Facet normal [ edit ] In both ASCII and binary versions of STL, the facet normal should be a unit vector pointing outward from the solid object. [ 16 ] In most software this may be set to (0,0,0), and the software automatically calculates a normal based on the order of the triangle vertices using the " right-hand rule ", i.e. the vertices are listed in counter-clock-wise order from outside. [ 2 ] Some STL loaders (e.g. the STL plugin for Art of Illusion) check that the normal in the file agrees with the normal they calculate using the right-hand rule and warn the user when it does not. Other software may ignore the facet normal entirely and use only the right-hand rule. Although it is rare to specify a normal that cannot be calculated using the right-hand rule, in order to be entirely portable, a file should both provide the facet normal and order the vertices appropriately. A notable exception is SolidWorks , which uses the normal for shading effects . Characteristics [ edit ] It is not possible to use triangles to perfectly represent curved surfaces. To compensate, users often save enormous STL files to reduce the inaccuracy. However, native formats associated with many 3D design applications use mathematical surfaces to preserve detail losslessly in small files. For example, Rhino 3D [ 17 ] and Blender [ 18 ] implement NURBS to create true curved surfaces and store them in their respective native file formats, but must generate a triangle mesh when exporting a model to the STL format. 3D printing [ edit ] Wikipedia logo 3D printers build objects by solidifying ( SLA , SLS , SHS , DMLS , EBM , DLP ) or printing (3DP, MJM, FDM , FFF , PJP, MJS) [ 19 ] one layer at a time. This requires a series of closed 2D contours (horizontal layers) that are filled in with solidified material as the layers are fused together. A natural file format for such a machine would be a series of closed polygons (layers or slices) corresponding to different Z-values. However, since it is possible to vary the layer thicknesses for a faster though less precise build, it was easier to define the model to be built as a closed polyhedron that can be sliced at the necessary horizontal levels. An incorrect facet normal can affect the way a file is sliced and filled. A slice at a different Z-value can be chosen to miss a bad facet or the file must be returned to CAD program to make corrections and then regenerate the STL file. To properly form a 3D volume, the surface represented by any STL files must be closed (no holes or reversed vector normal) and connected, where every edge is shared by exactly two faces, and not self-intersecting. Since the STL syntax does not enforce this property, it can be ignored for applications where the void does not matter. The missing surface matters insofar as the software that slices the triangles requires it to ensure that the resulting 2D polygons are closed. Sometimes such software can be written to clean up small discrepancies by moving vertices that are close together so that they coincide. The results are not predictable, and may require repair using another program. Vector 3D printers require a clean STL file and printing a bad data file either fails to fill or may stop printing. Other fields [ edit ] STL model of the Utah teapot STL is simple and easy to output. Consequently, many computer-aided design systems can output the STL file format. Although the output is simple to produce, mesh connectivity information is discarded because the identity of shared vertices is lost. Many computer-aided manufacturing systems require triangulated models. STL format is not the most memory- and computationally efficient method for transferring this data, but STL is often used to import the triangulated geometry into the CAM system. The format is commonly available, so the CAM system can use it. In order to use the data, the CAM system may have to reconstruct the connectivity. As STL files do not save the physical dimension of a unit, a CAM system asks for it. Typical units are mm and inch . STL can also be used for interchanging data between CAD/CAM systems and computational environments such as Mathematica . See also [ edit ] 3D Manufacturing Format  – Open source file format standard Additive Manufacturing File Format  – Standard for describing objects for additive manufacturing Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets PLY (file format)  – File format designed to store three-dimensional data from 3D scanners Voxel  – Element representing a value on a grid in three dimensional space Wavefront .obj file  – Geometry definition file format X3D  – XML-based file format for 3D computer graphics References [ edit ] ^ Noordvyk, Allan (6 March 2018). "model/stl" . iana.org . IANA . Archived from the original on 16 February 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e "STL (STereoLithography) File Format Family" . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 29 May 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ StereoLithography Interface Specification , 3D Systems, Inc., July 1988 ^ StereoLithography Interface Specification , 3D Systems, Inc., October 1989 ^ SLC File Specification , 3D Systems, Inc., 1994 ^ Grimm, Todd (2004). "3. The Rapid Prototyping Process" . User's Guide to Rapid Prototyping . Society of Manufacturing Engineers . p. 55. ISBN   0-87263-697-6 . ^ Burkardt, John (10 July 2014). "STLA Files - ASCII stereolithography files" . Archived from the original on 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ "The StL Format: Standard Data Format for Fabbers" . fabbers.com — Historical resource on 3D printing . Archived from the original on 17 September 2020 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ a b c Burns, Marshall (1993). "6.5". Automated Fabrication: Improving Productivity in Manufacturing . Prentice Hall PTR . ISBN   9780131194625 . OCLC   634954895 . ^ Chua, C. K.; Leong, K. F.; Lim, C. S. (2003), "Chapter 6, Rapid Prototyping Formats", Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications (2nd ed.), World Scientific Publishing Co. , p. 237, ISBN   981-238-117-1 , The STL (STeroLithography) file, as the de facto standard, has been used in many, if not all, rapid prototyping systems. ^ "STL File Format for 3D Printing - Explained in Simple Terms" . All3DP . 17 November 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ a b "STL 2.0 May Replace Old, Limited File Format" . RapidToday . Archived from the original on 29 December 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Hiller, Jonathan D.; Lipson, Hod (2009). STL 2.0: A Proposal for a Universal Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing File Format (PDF) . Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (SFF'09). Austin, Texas, USA: Cornell University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Bourke, Paul (October 1999). "STL format" . Archived from the original on 16 July 2022 . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ "STL (STereoLithography) File Format, ASCII" . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 29 May 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Peddie, Jon (2013). The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR . London, England: Springer. pp.  54– 57. ISBN   9781447149323 . OCLC   849634980 . ^ "What are NURBS?" . www.rhino3d.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ "Structure — Blender Manual" . docs.blender.org . Archived from the original on 25 June 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ Barnatt, Christopher (2013). 3D Printing: The Next Industrial Revolution . Nottingham, England: ExplainingTheFuture.com. pp.  26– 71. ISBN   9781484181768 . OCLC   854672031 . External links [ edit ] The STL Format ASCII stereolithography files v t e Computer-aided design (CAD) software Free and open-source Mechanical 2D (CADD) LibreCAD QCAD rattleCAD SteamCAD XTrackCAD  [ uk ] 2D/3D (CAx/FEx) BRL-CAD FreeCAD FREE!ship  [ uk ] gCAD3D LeoCAD OpenRocket  [ uk ] OpenSCAD OpenVSP Salome SolveSpace XFLR5  [ uk ] Architectural (AEC) Sweet Home 3D Electrical Electric FreePCB Fritzing gEDA Horizon EDA KiCad kTechLab Magic ngspice Oregano pcb-rnd QUCS SPICE XCircuit Optical Astree/Foucault2 ATMOS Geopter Inkscape#Ray Optics FreeCAD#Optics Workbench Garment Inkscape#Ink/Stitch Valentina Proprietary Mechanical ABViewer Alibre Design AutoCAD Autodesk Alias Autodesk Inventor AutoTURN BrickLink Studio BricsCAD CATIA Cimatron Cobalt Creo Elements/Direct Drafting Creo Parametric DesignSpark Mechanical FastCAD (EasyCAD) FINE FORAN Fusion 360 GstarCAD IRONCAD KeyCreator ( CADKEY ) Lego Digital Designer MEDUSA4 MicroStation NX Onshape PDMS Pro/DESKTOP Rhinoceros 3D Grasshopper 3D rattleCAD 4.0 Shapr3D Solid Edge SolidWorks Sonata ( RUCAPS ) SpaceClaim T-FLEX CAD Tinkercad TurboCAD VariCAD ZWCAD Architectural (AEC) Archicad Autodesk Revit LIRA  [ uk ] List of building information modeling software Electrical Allegro ( OrCAD ) Altium Designer ( Protel ( Autotrax ( Easytrax , Tango PCB )), P-CAD ) AutoCAD Electrical BoardStation, IntegraStation, PADS, Xpedition CADSTAR CircuitMaker CR-2000, CR-3000 , CR-5000 , CR-8000 DesignSpark PCB DipTrace EAGLE EasyEDA LTspice Micro-Cap Multisim PCB Proteus Pulsonix SolidWorks Electrical TARGET TopoR ( Delta Design , FreeStyle ) Ultiboard Upverter Optical Aber OSLO Zemax Garment Clo3D Embird File formats 3MF ACIS AMF C3D CKD DSN DWF DWFX DWG DXF IGES OBJ OpenDWG PLY PSpice SES STEP STL Modeling kernels ACIS C3D Digital Geometric Kernel ( KernelCAD ) IntelliCAD Open Cascade Technology Open Design Alliance ( Teigha ) Romulus ( Parasolid ) RGK ShapeManager SMLib Historic DAC-1 (1963) Sketchpad (1963) UNISURF (1968) Italics = discontinued Computer-aided industrial design • Comparison • History Media related to CAD at Wikimedia Commons • Engineering portal • Glossary of terms Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STL_(file_format)&oldid=1361097431 " Categories : 3D graphics file formats CAD file formats 1987 introductions Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2025 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2026 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023 Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link This page was last edited on 25 June 2026, at 16:31  (UTC) . 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