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Path=/; secure; Domain=.wikipedia.org set-cookie: NetworkProbeLimit=0.001;Path=/;Secure;SameSite=None;Max-Age=3600 set-cookie: WMF-Uniq=l0-ddaie2awLOGDqAsP4oQOSAAAAAFvdKCO41O2hdeqxPdRfgE6IRhuNQaKfR-w-;Domain=.wikipedia.org;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;SameSite=None;Expires=Sat, 03 Jul 2027 00:00:00 GMT content-length: 160778 x-request-id: 1b135f64-93be-4026-9346-ab803623c4f2 x-analytics: Shadow mapping - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Principle of a shadow and a shadow map 2 Algorithm overview Toggle Algorithm overview subsection 2.1 Creating the shadow map 2.2 Shading the scene 2.2.1 Light space coordinates 2.2.2 Depth map test 2.2.3 Drawing the scene 3 Shadow map real-time implementations 4 Shadow mapping techniques Toggle Shadow mapping techniques subsection 4.1 Simple 4.2 Splitting 4.3 Warping 4.4 Smoothing 4.5 Filtering 4.6 Soft Shadows 4.7 Assorted 5 Miscellaneous 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External links Toggle the table of contents Shadow mapping 11 languages العربية Čeština Deutsch فارسی Italiano 日本語 한국어 Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Method to draw shadows in computer graphic images Scene with shadow mapping Scene with no shadows Shadow mapping or shadowing projection is a process by which shadows are added to 3D computer graphics . This concept was introduced by Lance Williams in 1978, in a paper entitled "Casting curved shadows on curved surfaces." [ 1 ] Since then, it has been used both in pre-rendered and realtime scenes in many console and PC games. Shadows are created by testing whether a pixel is visible from the light source, by comparing the pixel to a z-buffer [ 2 ] or depth image of the light source's view, stored in the form of a texture . Principle of a shadow and a shadow map [ edit ] If you looked out from a source of light, all the objects you can see would appear in light. Anything behind those objects, however, would be in shadow. This is the basic principle used to create a shadow map. The light's view is rendered, storing the depth of every surface it sees (the shadow map). Next, the regular scene is rendered comparing the depth of every point drawn (as if it were being seen by the light, rather than the eye) to this depth map. This technique is less accurate than shadow volumes , but the shadow map can be a faster alternative depending on how much fill time is required for either technique in a particular application and therefore may be more suitable to real-time applications. In addition, shadow maps do not require the use of an additional stencil buffer and can be modified to produce shadows with a soft edge. Unlike shadow volumes, however, the accuracy of a shadow map is limited by its resolution. Algorithm overview [ edit ] Rendering a shadowed scene involves two major drawing steps. The first produces the shadow map itself, and the second applies it to the scene. Depending on the implementation (and the number of lights), this may require two or more drawing passes. Creating the shadow map [ edit ] Scene rendered from the light view Scene from the light view, depth map The first step renders the scene from the light's point of view. For a point light source, the view should be a perspective projection as wide as its desired angle of effect (it will be a sort of square spotlight). For directional light (e.g., that from the Sun ), an orthographic projection should be used. From this rendering, the depth buffer is extracted and saved. Because only the depth information is relevant, it is common to avoid updating the color buffers and disable all lighting and texture calculations for this rendering, to save drawing time. This depth map is often stored as a texture in graphics memory. This depth map must be updated any time there are changes to either the light or the objects in the scene, but can be reused in other situations, such as those where only the viewing camera moves. (If there are multiple lights, a separate depth map must be used for each light.) In many implementations, it is practical to render only a subset of the objects in the scene to the shadow map to save some of the time it takes to redraw the map. Also, a depth offset which shifts the objects away from the light may be applied to the shadow map rendering in an attempt to resolve stitching problems where the depth map value is close to the depth of a surface being drawn (i.e., the shadow-casting surface) in the next step. Alternatively, culling front faces and only rendering the back of objects to the shadow map is sometimes used for a similar result. Shading the scene [ edit ] The second step is to draw the scene from the usual camera viewpoint, applying the shadow map. This process has three major components. The first step is to find the coordinates of the object as seen from the light, as a 3D object only uses 2D coordinates with axis X and Y to represent its geometric shape on screen, these vertex coordinates will match up with the corresponding edges of the shadow parts within the shadow map (depth map) itself. The second step is the depth test which compares the object z values against the z values from the depth map, and finally, once accomplished, the object must be drawn either in shadow or in light. Light space coordinates [ edit ] Visualization of the depth map projected onto the scene To test a point against the depth map, its position in the scene coordinates must be transformed into the equivalent position as seen by the light. This is accomplished by a matrix multiplication . The location of the object on the screen is determined by the usual coordinate transformation , but a second set of coordinates must be generated to locate the object in light space. The matrix used to transform the world coordinates into the light's viewing coordinates is the same as the one used to render the shadow map in the first step (under OpenGL this is the product of the model, view and projection matrices). This will produce a set of homogeneous coordinates that need a perspective division ( see 3D projection ) to become normalized device coordinates , in which each component ( x , y , or z ) falls between −1 and 1 (if it is visible from the light view). Many implementations (such as OpenGL and Direct3D ) require an additional scale and bias matrix multiplication to map those −1 to 1 values to 0 to 1, which are more usual coordinates for depth map (texture map) lookup. This scaling can be done before the perspective division, and is easily folded into the previous transformation calculation by multiplying that matrix with the following: [ 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 1 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0.5&0&0&0.5\\0&0.5&0&0.5\\0&0&0.5&0.5\\0&0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}} If done with a shader , or other graphics hardware extension, this transformation is usually applied at the vertex level, and the generated value is interpolated between other vertices and passed to the fragment level. Depth map test [ edit ] Depth map test failures Once the light-space coordinates are found, the x and y values usually correspond to a location in the depth map texture, and the z value corresponds to its associated depth, which can now be tested against the depth map. If the z value is greater than the value stored in the depth map at the appropriate ( x , y ) location, the object is considered to be behind an occluding object and should be marked as a failure , to be drawn in shadow by the drawing process. Otherwise, it should be drawn lit. If the ( x , y ) location falls outside the depth map, the programmer must either decide that the surface should be lit or shadowed by default (usually lit). In a shader implementation, this test would be done at the fragment level. Also, care needs to be taken when selecting the type of texture map storage to be used by the hardware: if interpolation cannot be done, the shadow will appear to have a sharp, jagged edge (an effect that can be reduced with greater shadow map resolution). It is possible to modify the depth map test to produce shadows with a soft edge by using a range of values (based on the proximity to the edge of the shadow) rather than simply pass or fail. The shadow mapping technique can also be modified to draw a texture onto the lit regions, simulating the effect of a projector . The picture above captioned "visualization of the depth map projected onto the scene" is an example of such a process. Drawing the scene [ edit ] Final scene, rendered with ambient shadows Drawing the scene with shadows can be done in several different ways. If programmable shaders are available, the depth map test may be performed by a fragment shader which simply draws the object in shadow or lighted depending on the result, drawing the scene in a single pass (after an initial earlier pass to generate the shadow map). If shaders are not available, performing the depth map test must usually be implemented by some hardware extension (such as GL_ARB_shadow ), which usually does not allow a choice between two lighting models (lit and shadowed), and necessitate more rendering passes: Render the entire scene in shadow. For the most common lighting models ( see Phong reflection model ) this should technically be done using only the ambient component of the light, but this is usually adjusted to also include a dim diffuse light to prevent curved surfaces from appearing flat in shadow. Enable the depth map test and render the scene lit. Areas where the depth map test fails will not be overwritten and will remain shadowed. An additional pass may be used for each additional light, using additive blending to combine their effect with the lights already drawn. (Each of these passes requires an additional previous pass to generate the associated shadow map.) The example pictures in this article used the OpenGL extension GL_ARB_shadow_ambient to accomplish the shadow map process in two passes. Shadow map real-time implementations [ edit ] One of the key disadvantages of real-time shadow mapping is that the size and depth of the shadow map determine the quality of the final shadows. This is usually visible as aliasing or shadow continuity glitches. A simple way to overcome this limitation is to increase the shadow map size, but due to memory, computational or hardware constraints, it is not always possible. Commonly used techniques for real-time shadow mapping have been developed to circumvent this limitation. These include Cascaded Shadow Maps, [ 3 ] Trapezoidal Shadow Maps, [ 4 ] Light Space Perspective Shadow maps, [ 5 ] or Parallel-Split Shadow maps. [ 6 ] Also notable is that generated shadows, even if aliasing free, have hard edges, which is not always desirable. In order to emulate real world soft shadows , several solutions have been developed, either by doing several lookups on the shadow map, generating geometry meant to emulate the soft edge or creating non-standard depth shadow maps. Notable examples of these are Percentage Closer Filtering, [ 7 ] Smoothies, [ 8 ] and Variance Shadow maps. [ 9 ] Shadow mapping techniques [ edit ] Simple [ edit ] SSM "Simple" Splitting [ edit ] PSSM "Parallel Split" https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/GPUGems3/gpugems3_ch10.html CSM "Cascaded" http://developer.download.nvidia.com/SDK/10.5/opengl/src/cascaded_shadow_maps/doc/cascaded_shadow_maps.pdf Warping [ edit ] LiSPSM "Light Space Perspective" https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/vr/lispsm/ TSM "Trapezoid" http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~tants/tsm.html PSM "Perspective" http://www-sop.inria.fr/reves/Marc.Stamminger/psm/ CSSM "Camera Space" http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/570987.12_CSSM.pdf Smoothing [ edit ] PCF "Percentage Closer Filtering" https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/GPUGems/gpugems_ch11.html Filtering [ edit ] ESM "Exponential" https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10001/1/10001.pdf CSM "Convolution" https://doclib.uhasselt.be/dspace/bitstream/1942/8040/1/3227.pdf VSM "Variance" http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.104.2569&rep=rep1&type=pdf SAVSM "Summed Area Variance" https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/gpugems3/part-ii-light-and-shadows/chapter-8-summed-area-variance-shadow-maps SMSR "Shadow Map Silhouette Revectorization" http://bondarev.nl/?p=326 Soft Shadows [ edit ] PCSS "Percentage Closer" http://developer.download.nvidia.com/shaderlibrary/docs/shadow_PCSS.pdf VSSM "Variance Soft Shadow Mapping" https://jankautz.com/publications/VSSM_PG2010.pdf SSSS "Screen space soft shadows" http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b10648-36 FIV "Fullsphere Irradiance Vector" http://getlab.org/publications/FIV/ Assorted [ edit ] ASM "Adaptive" https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~kb/publications/ASM.pdf AVSM "Adaptive Volumetric" https://web.archive.org/web/20101208213624/http://visual-computing.intel-research.net/art/publications/avsm/ CSSM "Camera Space" http://free-zg.t-com.hr/cssm/ DASM "Deep Adaptive" DPSM "Dual Paraboloid" http://sites.google.com/site/osmanbrian2/dpsm.pdf DSM "Deep" http://graphics.pixar.com/library/DeepShadows/paper.pdf FSM "Forward" http://www.cs.unc.edu/~zhangh/technotes/shadow/shadow.ps LPSM "Logarithmic" http://gamma.cs.unc.edu/LOGSM/ MDSM "Multiple Depth" http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.59.3376&rep=rep1&type=pdf RTW "Rectilinear" http://www.cspaul.com/wiki/doku.php?id=publications:rosen.2012.i3d RMSM "Resolution Matched" http://www.idav.ucdavis.edu/func/return_pdf?pub_id=919 SDSM "Sample Distribution" https://web.archive.org/web/20101208212121/http://visual-computing.intel-research.net/art/publications/sdsm/ SPPSM "Separating Plane Perspective" http://image.diku.dk/projects/media/morten.mikkelsen.07.pdf SSSM "Shadow Silhouette" http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/silmap/silmap.pdf Miscellaneous [ edit ] Shadow Depth Maps (SDM) [ 10 ] Perspective shadow maps (PSMs) Light Space Perspective Shadow Maps (LSPSMs) Cascaded Shadow Maps (CSMs) [ 11 ] Variance Shadow Maps (VSMs) [ 12 ] See also [ edit ] Shadow volume , another shadowing technique Ray casting , a slower technique often used in ray tracing Photon mapping , a much slower technique capable of very realistic lighting Radiosity , another very slow but very realistic technique Horizon mapping , a fast technique for adding micro self-shadows Further reading [ edit ] Smooth Penumbra Transitions with Shadow Maps Willem H. de Boer Forward shadow mapping performs the shadow test in eye-space rather than light-space to keep texture access more sequential. References [ edit ] ↑ Lance Williams. "Casting curved shadows on curved surfaces" (PDF) . Retrieved 2020-12-22 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires | journal= ( help ) ↑ Akenine-Mo ̈ller, Tomas; Haines, Eric; Hoffman, Naty (2018-08-06). Real-Time Rendering, Fourth Edition . CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-81615-1 . ↑ "Cascaded shadow maps" (PDF) . NVidia . Retrieved 2008-02-14 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires | journal= ( help ) ↑ Tobias Martin; Tiow-Seng Tan. "Anti-aliasing and Continuity with Trapezoidal Shadow Maps" . Retrieved 2008-02-14 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires | journal= ( help ) ↑ Michael Wimmer; Daniel Scherzer; Werner Purgathofer. "Light Space Perspective Shadow Maps" . Retrieved 2008-02-14 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires | journal= ( help ) ↑ Fan Zhang; Hanqiu Sun; Oskari Nyman. "Parallel-Split Shadow Maps on Programmable GPUs" . GPU Gems 3 . Archived from the original on January 17, 2010 . Retrieved 2008-02-14 . ↑ "Shadow Map Antialiasing" . NVidia . Retrieved 2008-02-14 . ↑ Eric Chan, Fredo Durand, Marco Corbetta . "Rendering Fake Soft Shadows with Smoothies" . Retrieved 2008-02-14 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires | journal= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ↑ William Donnelly; Andrew Lauritzen. "Variance Shadow Maps" . Retrieved 2008-02-14 . ↑ "Common Techniques to Improve Shadow Depth Maps" . Msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved November 7, 2021 . ↑ "Cascaded Shadow Maps" . Msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved November 7, 2021 . ↑ Donnelly, William; Lauritzen, Andrew (14 March 2006). "Variance shadow maps" . Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games - SI3D '06 . Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 161– 165. doi : 10.1145/1111411.1111440 . ISBN 159593295X . S2CID 538139 . Retrieved 7 November 2021 – via ACM Digital Library. External links [ edit ] Hardware Shadow Mapping , nVidia Shadow Mapping with Today's OpenGL Hardware , nVidia Riemer's step-by-step tutorial implementing Shadow Mapping with HLSL and DirectX Improvements for Shadow Mapping using GLSL NVIDIA Real-time Shadow Algorithms and Techniques Shadow Mapping implementation using Java and OpenGL v t e Computer graphics Vector graphics Diffusion curve Pixel 2D graphics Alpha compositing Layers Text-to-image 2.5D Isometric graphics Mode 7 Parallax scrolling Ray casting Skybox 3D graphics 3D projection 3D rendering ( Image-based Spectral Unbiased ) Aliasing Anisotropic filtering Cel shading Fluid animation Lighting Global illumination Hidden-surface determination Polygon mesh ( Triangle mesh ) Shading Deferred Surface triangulation Wire-frame model Concepts Affine transformation Back-face culling Clipping Collision detection Planar projection Reflection Rendering Beam tracing Cone tracing Checkerboard rendering Ray tracing Path tracing Ray casting Scanline rendering Rotation Scaling Shadow mapping Shadow volume Shear matrix Shader Texel Translation Volume rendering Voxel Graphics software 3D computer graphics software animation modeling rendering Raster graphics editors Vector graphics editors Algorithms List of computer graphics algorithms Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadow_mapping&oldid=1339513665 " Category : Shading Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata CS1 errors: missing periodical CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list This page was last edited on 20 February 2026, at 23:10  (UTC) . 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