← Back to results

ain menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Scope 2 Direct volume rendering Toggle Direct volume rendering subsection 2.1 Volume ray casting 2.2 Splatting 2.3 Shear warp 2.4 Texture-based volume rendering 3 Hardware-accelerated volume rendering 4 Optimization techniques Toggle Optimization techniques subsection 4.1 Empty space skipping 4.2 Early ray termination 4.3 Octree and BSP space subdivision 4.4 Volume segmentation 4.5 Multiple and adaptive resolution representation 4.6 Pre-integrated volume rendering 4.7 Image-based meshing 4.8 Temporal reuse of voxels 5 List of related software 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Toggle the table of contents Volume rendering 14 languages العربية বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Suomi Français Italiano 日本語 한국어 Latviešu Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Representing a 3D-modeled object or dataset as a 2D projection For rendering of 3D wire frame models , see 3D rendering . Three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics Fundamentals Modeling Scanning Rendering Printing Primary uses 3D models Computer-aided design Graphic design Video games Visual effects Visualization Virtual engineering Virtual reality Virtual cinematography Related topics Computer-generated imagery (CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowd simulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e Multiple X-ray tomographs (with quantitative mineral density calibration ) stacked to form a 3D model Volume rendered CT scan of a forearm with different color schemes for muscle, fat, bone, and blood In scientific visualization and computer graphics , volume rendering is a set of techniques used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set , typically a 3D scalar field . [ 1 ] A typical 3D data set is a group of 2D slice images acquired by a CT , MRI , or MicroCT scanner . [ 2 ] Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern (e.g., one slice for each millimeter of depth) and usually have a regular number of image pixels in a regular pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume element, or voxel represented by a single value that is obtained by sampling the immediate area surrounding the voxel. To render a 2D projection of the 3D data set, one first needs to define a camera in space relative to the volume. Also, one needs to define the opacity and color of every voxel. This is usually defined using an RGBA (for red, green, blue, alpha) transfer function that defines the RGBA value for every possible voxel value. For example, a volume may be viewed by extracting isosurfaces (surfaces of equal values) from the volume and rendering them as polygonal meshes or by rendering the volume directly as a block of data. The marching cubes algorithm is a common technique for extracting an isosurface from volume data. Direct volume rendering is a computationally intensive task that may be performed in several ways. Another method of volume rendering is Ray marching , a category of 3D computer graphics rendering techniques in which rays are traced step by step, subdividing each ray into smaller segments and sampling a function at each interval. Scope [ edit ] Types of presentations of CT scans , with two examples of volume rendering Volume rendering is distinguished from thin slice tomography presentations, and is also generally distinguished from projections of 3D models, including maximum intensity projection . [ 3 ] Still, technically, all volume renderings become projections when viewed on a 2-dimensional display , making the distinction between projections and volume renderings a bit vague. Nevertheless, the epitomes of volume rendering models feature a mix of for example coloring [ 4 ] and shading [ 5 ] in order to create realistic and/or observable representations. Direct volume rendering [ edit ] A direct volume renderer [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] requires every sample value to be mapped to opacity and a color. This is done with a " transfer function " which can be a simple ramp, a piecewise linear function or an arbitrary table. Once converted to an RGBA color model (for red, green, blue, alpha) value, the composed RGBA result is projected on the corresponding pixel of the frame buffer. The way this is done depends on the rendering technique. A combination of these techniques is possible. For instance, a shear warp implementation could use texturing hardware to draw the aligned slices in the off-screen buffer . Volume ray casting [ edit ] Main article: Volume ray casting Volume Ray Casting. Crocodile mummy provided by the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UC Berkeley. CT data was acquired by Rebecca Fahrig, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, using a Siemens SOMATOM Definition, Siemens Healthcare. The image was rendered by Fovia's High Definition Volume Rendering® engine. The technique of volume ray casting can be derived directly from the rendering equation . [ 9 ] It provides results of very high quality, usually considered to provide the best image quality. Volume ray casting is classified as image based volume rendering technique, as the computation emanates from the output image, not the input volume data as is the case with object based techniques. In this technique, a ray is generated for each desired image pixel. Using a simple camera model, the ray starts at the center of projection of the camera (usually the eye point) and passes through the image pixel on the imaginary image plane floating in between the camera and the volume to be rendered. The ray is clipped by the boundaries of the volume in order to save time. Then the ray is sampled at regular or adaptive intervals throughout the volume. The data is interpolated at each sample point, the transfer function applied to form an RGBA sample, the sample is composited onto the accumulated RGBA of the ray, and the process repeated until the ray exits the volume. The RGBA color is converted to an RGB color and deposited in the corresponding image pixel. The process is repeated for every pixel on the screen to form the completed image. [ citation needed ] Splatting [ edit ] Main article: Gaussian splatting This is a technique which trades quality for speed. Here, every volume element is splatted , as Lee Westover said, like a snow ball, on to the viewing surface in back to front order. These splats are rendered as disks whose properties (color and transparency) vary diametrically in normal ( Gaussian ) manner. Flat disks and those with other kinds of property distribution are also used depending on the application. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Shear warp [ edit ] Example of a mouse skull (CT) rendering using the shear warp algorithm The shear warp approach to volume rendering was developed by Cameron and Undrill, popularized by Philippe Lacroute and Marc Levoy . [ 12 ] In this technique, the viewing transformation is transformed such that the nearest face of the volume becomes axis aligned with an off-screen image data buffer with a fixed scale of voxels to pixels. The volume is then rendered into this buffer using the far more favorable memory alignment and fixed scaling and blending factors. Once all slices of the volume have been rendered, the buffer is then warped into the desired orientation and scaled in the displayed image. [ citation needed ] This technique is relatively fast in software at the cost of less accurate sampling and potentially worse image quality compared to ray casting. There is memory overhead for storing multiple copies of the volume, for the ability to have near axis aligned volumes. This overhead can be mitigated using run-length encoding . [ citation needed ] Texture-based volume rendering [ edit ] A volume rendered cadaver head using view-aligned texture mapping and diffuse reflection Many 3D graphics systems use texture mapping to apply images, or textures, to geometric objects. Commodity PC graphics cards are fast at texturing and can efficiently render slices of a 3D volume, with real time interaction capabilities. Workstation GPUs are even faster, and are the basis for much of the production volume visualization used in medical imaging , oil and gas, and other markets (2007). In earlier years, dedicated 3D texture mapping systems were used on graphics systems such as Silicon Graphics InfiniteReality , HP Visualize FX graphics accelerator , and others. This technique was first described by Bill Hibbard and Dave Santek. [ 13 ] These slices can either be aligned with the volume and rendered at an angle to the viewer, or aligned with the viewing plane and sampled from unaligned slices through the volume. Graphics hardware support for 3D textures is needed for the second technique. [ citation needed ] Volume aligned texturing produces images of reasonable quality. The image quality degrades with coarse slice counts, though there is often a noticeable transition when the volume is rotated. [ 14 ] Hardware-accelerated volume rendering [ edit ] Due to the extremely parallel nature of direct volume rendering, special purpose volume rendering hardware was a rich research topic before GPU volume rendering became fast enough. The most widely cited technology was the VolumePro real-time ray-casting system, developed by Hanspeter Pfister and scientists at Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories , [ 15 ] which used high memory bandwidth and brute force to render using the ray casting algorithm. The technology was transferred to TeraRecon, Inc. and two generations of ASICs were produced and sold. The VP1000 [ 16 ] was released in 2002 and the VP2000 in 2007. [ 17 ] Pixel shaders are able to read and write randomly from video memory and perform some basic mathematical and logical calculations. These SIMD processors were used to perform general calculations such as rendering polygons and signal processing. In recent GPU generations, the pixel shaders now are able to function as MIMD processors (now able to independently branch) utilizing up to 1 GB of texture memory with floating point formats. With such power, virtually any algorithm with steps that can be performed in parallel, such as volume ray casting or tomographic reconstruction , can be performed with tremendous acceleration. The programmable pixel shaders can be used to simulate variations in the characteristics of lighting, shadow, reflection , emissive color and so forth. Such simulations can be written using high level shading languages . [ citation needed ] Optimization techniques [ edit ] The primary goal of optimization is to skip as much of the volume as possible. A typical medical data set can be 1 GB in size. To render that at 30 frame/s requires an extremely fast memory bus. Skipping voxels means less information needs to be processed. [ citation needed ] Empty space skipping [ edit ] Often, a volume rendering system will have a system for identifying regions of the volume containing no visible material. This information can be used to avoid rendering these transparent regions. [ 18 ] Early ray termination [ edit ] This is a technique used when the volume is rendered in front to back order. For a ray through a pixel, once sufficient dense material has been encountered, further samples will make no significant contribution to the pixel and so may be neglected. [ citation needed ] Octree and BSP space subdivision [ edit ] The use of hierarchical structures such as octree and BSP -tree could be very helpful for both compression of volume data and speed optimization of volumetric ray casting process. [ citation needed ] Volume segmentation [ edit ] Volume segmentation include automatic bone removal, such as used in the right image in this CT angiography . Volume segmentation of a 3D-rendered CT scan of the thorax : The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize thoracic contents: - blue : pulmonary arteries - red : pulmonary veins (and also the abdominal wall ) - yellow : the mediastinum - violet : the diaphragm Visualization of the inner organs from the segmented Visible Human data set rendered by Voxel-Man , aside with a drawing of Leonardo da Vinci (1998) Image segmentation is a manual or automatic procedure that can be used to section out large portions of the volume that one considers uninteresting before rendering, the amount of calculations that have to be made by ray casting or texture blending can be significantly reduced. This reduction can be as much as from O(n) to O(log n) for n sequentially indexed voxels. Volume segmentation also has significant performance benefits for other ray tracing algorithms. Volume segmentation can subsequently be used to highlight or expose structures of interest. [ 19 ] Multiple and adaptive resolution representation [ edit ] By representing less interesting regions of the volume in a coarser resolution, the data input overhead can be reduced. On closer observation, the data in these regions can be populated either by reading from memory or disk, or by interpolation . The coarser resolution volume is resampled to a smaller size in the same way as a 2D mipmap image is created from the original. These smaller volume are also used by themselves while rotating the volume to a new orientation. [ citation needed ] Pre-integrated volume rendering [ edit ] Pre-integrated volume rendering [ 20 ] is a method that can reduce sampling artifacts by pre-computing much of the required data. It is especially useful in hardware-accelerated applications [ 21 ] [ 22 ] because it improves quality without a large performance impact. Unlike most other optimizations, this does not skip voxels. Rather it reduces the number of samples needed to accurately display a region of voxels. The idea is to render the intervals between the samples instead of the samples themselves. This technique captures rapidly changing material, for example the transition from muscle to bone with much less computation. [ citation needed ] Image-based meshing [ edit ] Image-based meshing is the automated process of creating computer models from 3D image data (such as MRI , CT , Industrial CT or microtomography ) for computational analysis and design, e.g. CAD, CFD, and FEA. [ 23 ] Temporal reuse of voxels [ edit ] For a complete display view, only one voxel per pixel (the front one) is required to be shown (although more can be used for smoothing the image), if animation is needed, the front voxels to be shown can be cached and their location relative to the camera can be recalculated as it moves. Where display voxels become too far apart to cover all the pixels, new front voxels can be found by ray casting or similar, and where two voxels are in one pixel, the front one can be kept. [ citation needed ] List of related software [ edit ] Open source 3D Slicer – a software package for scientific visualization and image analysis ClearVolume – a GPU ray-casting based, live 3D visualization library designed for high-end volumetric light sheet microscopes. ParaView – a cross-platform, large data analysis and visualization application. ParaView users can quickly build visualizations to analyze their data using qualitative and quantitative techniques. ParaView is built on VTK (below). Studierfenster (StudierFenster) – a free, non-commercial Open Science client/server-based Medical Imaging Processing (MIP) online framework. Vaa3D – a 3D, 4D and 5D volume rendering and image analysis platform for gigabytes and terabytes of large images (based on OpenGL) especially in the microscopy image field. Also cross-platform with Mac, Windows, and Linux versions. Include a comprehensive plugin interface and 100 plugins for image analysis. Also render multiple types of surface objects. VisIt – a cross-platform interactive parallel visualization and graphical analysis tool for viewing scientific data. Volume cartography – an open source software used in recovering the En-Gedi Scroll . Voreen – a cross-platform rapid application development framework for the interactive visualization and analysis of multi-modal volumetric data sets. It provides GPU-based volume rendering and data analysis techniques VTK – a general-purpose C++ toolkit for data processing, visualization, 3D interaction, computational geometry, with Python and Java bindings. Also, VTK.js provides a JavaScript implementation. Commercial Amira – a 3D visualization and analysis software for scientists and researchers (in life sciences and biomedical) Imaris – a scientific software module that delivers all the necessary functionality for data management, visualization, analysis, segmentation and interpretation of 3D and 4D microscopy datasets MeVisLab – cross-platform software for medical image processing and visualization (based on OpenGL and Open Inventor) Open Inventor – a high-level 3D API for 3D graphics software development (C++, .NET, Java) ScanIP – an image processing and image-based meshing platform that can render scan data (MRI, CT, Micro-CT...) in 3D directly after import. Example of a fly brain rendered with its compartments' surface models using Vaa3D tomviz – a 3D visualization platform for scientists and researchers that can utilize Python scripts for advanced 3D data processing. VoluMedic – a volume slicing and rendering software See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volume rendering . Cinematic rendering , an alternative visualization technique Isosurface , a surface that represents points of a constant value (e.g. pressure, temperature, velocity, density) within a volume of space Flow visualization , a technique for the visualization of vector fields Volume mesh , a polygonal representation of the interior volume of an object References [ edit ] ^ Xu, Chaoqing; Sun, Guodao; Liang, Ronghua (September 2021). "A survey of volume visualization techniques for feature enhancement" . Visual Informatics . 5 (3): 70– 81. doi : 10.1016/j.visinf.2021.08.001 . ^ Schut, Dirk Elias; Wood, Rachael Maree; Trull, Anna Katharina; Schouten, Rob; van Liere, Robert; van Leeuwen, Tristan; Batenburg, Kees Joost (May 2024). "Joint 2D to 3D image registration workflow for comparing multiple slice photographs and CT scans of apple fruit with internal disorders" . Postharvest Biology and Technology . 211 112814. doi : 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2024.112814 . ^ Fishman, Elliot K. ; Ney, Derek R.; Heath, David G.; Corl, Frank M.; Horton, Karen M.; Johnson, Pamela T. (2006). "Volume Rendering versus Maximum Intensity Projection in CT Angiography: What Works Best, When, and Why" . RadioGraphics . 26 (3): 905– 922. doi : 10.1148/rg.263055186 . PMID   16702462 . ^ Silverstein, Jonathan C.; Parsad, Nigel M.; Tsirline, Victor (2008). "Automatic perceptual color map generation for realistic volume visualization" . Journal of Biomedical Informatics . 41 (6): 927– 935. doi : 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.02.008 . ISSN   1532-0464 . PMC   2651027 . PMID   18430609 . ^ Page 185 in Leif Kobbelt (2006). Vision, Modeling, and Visualization 2006: Proceedings, November 22-24 . IOS Press. ISBN   978-3-89838-081-2 . ^ Levoy, M. (May 1988). "Display of surfaces from volume data". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications . 8 (3): 29– 37. Bibcode : 1988ICGA....8c..29L . doi : 10.1109/38.511 . ^ Drebin, Robert A.; Carpenter, Loren; Hanrahan, Pat (August 1988). "Volume rendering". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics . 22 (4): 65– 74. doi : 10.1145/378456.378484 . ^ Drebin, Robert A.; Carpenter, Loren; Hanrahan, Pat (1988). "Volume rendering". Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques . pp.  65– 74. doi : 10.1145/54852.378484 . ISBN   978-0-89791-275-4 . ^ Yuan, Youwei; Ye, Wenlong (2009). "Interactive Ray Tracing for Volume Visualization and 3D Rendering Using Neural Networks". 2009 WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems . pp.  278– 281. doi : 10.1109/gcis.2009.348 . ISBN   978-0-7695-3571-5 . ^ Westover, Lee Alan (1991). Splatting: A parallel, feed-forward volume rendering algorithm (PDF) (Thesis). [ page needed ] ^ Huang, Jian (Spring 2002). "Splatting" (PPT) . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . ^ Lacroute, Philippe; Levoy, Marc (1994). "Fast volume rendering using a shear-warp factorization of the viewing transformation". Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '94 . pp.  451– 458. doi : 10.1145/192161.192283 . ISBN   978-0-89791-667-7 . ^ Hibbard, William; Santek, David (1989). "Interactivity is the key". Proceedings of the 1989 Chapel Hill workshop on Volume visualization . pp.  39– 43. doi : 10.1145/329129.329356 . ISBN   978-1-4503-7322-7 . ^ "Perform 3D Volume Rendering in Python and C++" . Retrieved 2025-09-11 . ^ Pfister, Hanspeter; Hardenbergh, Jan; Knittel, Jim; Lauer, Hugh; Seiler, Larry (1999). "The VolumePro real-time ray-casting system". Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '99 . pp.  251– 260. doi : 10.1145/311535.311563 . ISBN   978-0-201-48560-8 . ^ Wu, Yin; Bhatia, Vishal; Lauer, Hugh; Seiler, Larry (2003). "Shear-image order ray casting volume rendering". Proceedings of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics . pp.  152– 162. doi : 10.1145/641480.641510 . ISBN   978-1-58113-645-6 . ^ TeraRecon (7 December 2006). "Product Announcement" . healthimaging.com . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . ^ Sherbondy, A.; Houston, M.; Napel, S. (2003). "Fast volume segmentation with simultaneous visualization using programmable graphics hardware". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control . pp.  171– 176. doi : 10.1109/VISUAL.2003.1250369 . ISBN   978-0-7803-8120-9 . ^ Tiede, U.; Schiemann, T.; Hohne, K.H. (1998). "High quality rendering of attributed volume data". Proceedings Visualization '98 (Cat. No.98CB36276) . pp.  255– 262. doi : 10.1109/VISUAL.1998.745311 . ISBN   978-0-8186-9176-8 . ^ Max, Nelson; Hanrahan, Pat; Crawfis, Roger (1990). "Area and volume coherence for efficient visualization of 3D scalar functions". Proceedings of the 1990 workshop on Volume visualization . pp.  27– 33. doi : 10.1145/99307.99315 . ISBN   978-0-89791-417-8 . OSTI   6397749 . ^ Engel, Klaus; Kraus, Martin; Ertl, Thomas (2001). "High-quality pre-integrated volume rendering using hardware-accelerated pixel shading". Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware . pp.  9– 16. doi : 10.1145/383507.383515 . ISBN   978-1-58113-407-0 . ^ Lum, Eric; Wilson, Brett; Ma, Kwan-Liu (19 May 2004). "High-Quality Lighting and Efficient Pre-Integration for Volume Rendering" . Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Eurographics - IEEE TCVG Conference on Visualization . Eurographics Association. pp.  25– 34. ISBN   978-3-905673-07-4 . ^ Evans, Llion Marc; Sözümert, Emrah; Keenan, Bethany E.; Wood, Charles E.; du Plessis, Anton (April 2023). "A Review of Image-Based Simulation Applications in High-Value Manufacturing" . Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering . 30 (3): 1495– 1552. doi : 10.1007/s11831-022-09836-2 . PMC   9847465 . PMID   36685137 . Further reading [ edit ] M. Ikits, J. Kniss, A. Lefohn and C. Hansen: Volume Rendering Techniques . In: GPU Gems , Chapter 39 (online-version in the developer zone of Nvidia). Volume Rendering , Volume Rendering Basics Tutorial by Ph.D. Ömer Cengiz ÇELEBİ Barthold Lichtenbelt, Randy Crane, Shaz Naqvi, Introduction to Volume Rendering (Hewlett-Packard Professional Books), Hewlett-Packard Company 1998. Peng, Hanchuan; Ruan, Zongcai; Long, Fuhui; Simpson, Julie H; Myers, Eugene W (April 2010). "V3D enables real-time 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of large-scale biological image data sets" . Nature Biotechnology . 28 (4): 348– 353. doi : 10.1038/nbt.1612 . PMC   2857929 . PMID   20231818 . Weiskopf, Daniel (2006). GPU-Based Interactive Visualization Techniques . doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-33263-3 . ISBN   978-3-540-33262-6 . v t e Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Social visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual analytics Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Sankey diagram Schematic Skeletal formula Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration People Pre-19th century Edmond Halley Charles-René de Fourcroy Joseph Priestley Gaspard Monge 19th century Charles Dupin Adolphe Quetelet André-Michel Guerry William Playfair August Kekulé Charles Joseph Minard Francis Amasa Walker John Venn Oliver Byrne Matthew Sankey Charles Booth John Snow Florence Nightingale Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Toussaint Loua Francis Galton Early 20th century Edward Walter Maunder Otto Neurath W. E. B. Du Bois Henry Gantt Arthur Lyon Bowley Howard G. Funkhouser John B. Peddle Ejnar Hertzsprung Henry Norris Russell Max O. Lorenz Fritz Kahn Harry Beck Erwin Raisz Mid 20th century Jacques Bertin Rudolf Modley Arthur H. Robinson John Tukey Mary Eleanor Spear Edgar Anderson Howard T. Fisher Late 20th century Borden Dent Nigel Holmes William S. Cleveland George G. Robertson Bruce H. McCormick Catherine Plaisant Stuart Card Pat Hanrahan Edward Tufte Ben Shneiderman Michael Friendly Howard Wainer Clifford A. Pickover Lawrence J. Rosenblum Thomas A. DeFanti George Furnas Sheelagh Carpendale Cynthia Brewer Jock D. Mackinlay Alan MacEachren David Goodsell Kwan-Liu Ma Michael Maltz Leland Wilkinson Alfred Inselberg Early 21st century Ben Fry Jeffrey Heer Jessica Hullman Daniel A. Keim Gordon Kindlmann Aaron Koblin Christopher R. Johnson Manuel Lima David McCandless Mauro Martino John Maeda Miriah Meyer Tamara Munzner Ade Olufeko Hanspeter Pfister Hans Rosling Claudio Silva Moritz Stefaner Fernanda Viégas Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Hadley Wickham Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Color coding Computer graphics in computer science CPK coloring Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging Information art Information graphics Information science Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual perception Virtual unfolding Volume rendering v t e Computer graphics Vector graphics Diffusion curve Pixel 2D graphics Alpha compositing Layers Text-to-image 2.5D Isometric graphics Mode 7 Parallax scrolling Ray casting Skybox 3D graphics 3D projection 3D rendering ( Image-based Spectral Unbiased ) Aliasing Anisotropic filtering Cel shading Fluid animation Lighting Global illumination Hidden-surface determination Polygon mesh ( Triangle mesh ) Shading Deferred Surface triangulation Wire-frame model Concepts Affine transformation Back-face culling Clipping Collision detection Planar projection Reflection Rendering Beam tracing Cone tracing Checkerboard rendering Ray tracing Path tracing Ray casting Scanline rendering Rotation Scaling Shadow mapping Shadow volume Shear matrix Shader Texel Translation Volume rendering Voxel Graphics software 3D computer graphics software animation modeling rendering Raster graphics editors Vector graphics editors Algorithms List of computer graphics algorithms Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volume_rendering&oldid=1355284619 " Categories : 3D rendering Implicit surface modeling Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2025 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2025 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 21 May 2026, at 00:18  (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view Search Search Toggle the table of contents Volume rendering 14 languages Add topic