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page Get shortened URL Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Duplication of critical components to increase reliability of a system For other uses, see Redundancy

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if its accompanying data has been tampered with after the message was signed In the event that the accompanying data has been changed, the signature must be invalidated [ 10 ] Electronic signatures may be created with increasing levels of security, with each having its own set of requirements and means of

[ 4 ] : 1327  The International Conference of Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL) has been held since 1987 [ 4 ] : 1327  The first commercially available legal AI system was an expert system released in 1988 by the University of Oxford to tell users if a new piece of

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More broadly, it refers to any design that pushes computation physically closer to a user, so as to reduce the latency compared to when an application runs on a centralized data center

A web server can also accept and store resources sent from the user agent if configured to do so

Technical details [ edit ] Signing [ edit ] The signing organization can be a direct handler of the message, such as the author, mail submission agent , site, or further intermediary along the transit path, or an indirect handler such as an independent service that is providing assistance to a direct handler

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Additionally, metadata often accompanies electronically stored data and can be of great value to the enterprise if stored and managed correctly